Game Mathematics and Fairness
Cascading Reels
Cascading reels remove winning symbols and drop or refill new ones within the same paid spin, enabling chain wins.
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Game Mathematics and Fairness Terms
RTP, house edge, volatility, RNG, testing labs, and fairness certification terminology.
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50 published definitions in this topic.
Game Mathematics and Fairness
Certification Seal
A certification seal is a UI badge claiming laboratory testing or standards compliance for some scope.
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Certified Hash
A certified or committed hash is a cryptographic digest published before play to lock a server seed without revealing it yet.
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Cluster Pays
Cluster pays award wins when groups of matching symbols touch, often with cascades removing winning clusters.
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Cryptographic Hash
A cryptographic hash maps data to a fixed digest used for commitments and integrity checks in provably fair designs.
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Entropy Source
An entropy source supplies unpredictability used to seed generators or cryptographic processes.
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Expected Value
Expected value (EV) is the probability-weighted average outcome of a bet or game decision over the long run.
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Fairness Audit
A fairness audit is an assessment of RNG behavior, game mapping, or related controls against stated criteria.
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Feature Buy
Feature buy lets a player pay a multiple of stake to enter a bonus or free-spins feature immediately.
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Free Spins Feature
A free spins feature is a game mode awarding spins without additional stake, often with modified multipliers or reels.
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Game Aggregator
A game aggregator integrates many studios’ titles into one operator-facing catalog and technical layer.
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Game Certification
Game certification is lab or regulator approval that a specific game build meets required technical and math standards.
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Game Cycle
Game cycle informally refers to how many plays might be needed before rare outcomes appear under the math model—never a guarantee.
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Game Launch API
A game launch API creates an authenticated session that opens a specific game build for a player.
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Game Multiplier
A multiplier scales a win or stake by a stated factor during base play or features.
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Game Studio
A game studio designs and supplies certified game content consumed by operators via RGS or aggregation.
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GLI-11
GLI-11 is a GLI technical standard commonly used for gaming devices, including requirements relevant to RNG and game fairness testing.
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GLI-19
GLI-19 is a GLI technical standard for interactive gaming systems, covering online platform and related technical controls.
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Hit Frequency
Hit frequency is how often a game produces a paying outcome of any size, usually expressed as a percentage or average spins between hits.
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Hold and Earn Math
Hold-and-win math describes respin features that lock prize symbols and respins until locked positions fill or respins expire.
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House Edge
House edge is the long-run statistical advantage built into a game for the operator, complementary to RTP.
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Independent Testing Laboratory
An independent testing laboratory evaluates gaming RNG, games, or platforms against technical standards for regulators or suppliers.
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Jackpot Contribution
Jackpot contribution is the share of each eligible stake diverted into a progressive prize pool.
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Jurisdiction Game Pack
A jurisdiction game pack is a certified configuration of a game tailored to a market’s rules (stakes, features, disclosures).
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Long-Run Expectation
Long-run expectation is the average result the probability model converges toward over an enormous number of independent plays.
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Maximum Win
Maximum win is the largest award a game will pay under its rules, often expressed as a multiple of stake.
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Must-Hit-By Jackpot
A must-hit-by jackpot is a progressive that is guaranteed to award before the meter reaches a published upper bound.
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Outcome Verification
Outcome verification is the player-side process of recomputing a provably fair result from revealed seeds and nonce.
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Payline
A payline is a defined path across reels on which matching symbols award a prize according to the paytable.
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Paytable
A paytable lists winning combinations and the prizes or multipliers they pay for each stake.
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Platform Provider
A platform provider supplies PAM, lobby, wallet, and related infrastructure that licensed operators configure and run.
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Player Account Management System
A player account management (PAM) system is the platform layer that handles registration, wallets, limits, KYC status, and account controls.
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Probability Model
A probability model is the formal mapping from RNG outcomes to game events used to compute RTP and related metrics.
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Progressive Jackpot
A progressive jackpot is a prize pool that grows as players contribute a share of stakes until it is won.
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Pseudorandom Number Generator
A PRNG generates a deterministic sequence that appears random when properly seeded and designed for gaming use.
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Random Number Generator
A random number generator (RNG) is the system that produces unpredictable values used to determine game outcomes.
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Reel Weighting
Reel weighting assigns different probabilities to symbols or stop positions so rare symbols appear less often than strip length alone suggests.
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Remote Gaming Server
A remote gaming server (RGS) hosts game logic and outcomes that operators launch inside their lobby via integrations.
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Return to Player
Return to Player (RTP) is the theoretical long-run percentage of total stakes a game is designed to return to players collectively.
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Seamless Wallet
A seamless wallet keeps the real balance in the operator PAM and authorizes each game bet/win via real-time messages.
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Seed Commitment
Seed commitment publishes a hash of a secret seed before bets so the operator cannot change it undetected after seeing wagers.
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Short-Term Variance
Short-term variance is the wide swing of actual results around long-run expectation over limited play.
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Shuffle Algorithm
A shuffle algorithm randomly orders a virtual deck or ball set under RNG control for card and lottery-style games.
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Slot Volatility
Volatility describes how lumpy results are around the long-run RTP—how often larger wins appear versus steady small outcomes.
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Stake Size
Stake size is the amount risked on a round; it scales wins and losses but does not change long-run RTP percentage.
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Statistical RNG Testing
Statistical RNG testing applies batteries of tests to output sequences to look for non-random patterns.
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Theoretical Hold
Theoretical hold is the long-run expected percentage of handle retained by the house, closely related to house edge.
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Transfer Wallet
A transfer wallet moves a chosen amount from the PAM balance into a game or supplier wallet before play.
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True Random Number Generator
A true random number generator derives unpredictability from physical entropy sources rather than a purely algorithmic sequence.
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Ways to Win
Ways-to-win evaluates adjacent matching symbols on successive reels without requiring a fixed payline path.
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